Even an eco-labelled wood stove as polluting as 25 ten-year old diesel trucks!
Particle (PM2.5) pollution
most dangerous to health
The most health-hazardous air pollutant is PM2.5
(tiny particles less than 2.5 millionth of a metre in diameter) that cause 10 to 20 times as many premature deaths as the
next worst pollutant (ozone).
PM2.5 penetrate the deepest recesses of
our lungs. As well as causing lung
disease, PM2.5 can enter the bloodstream and transport the toxins in air
pollution all round the body, causing inflammation, heart disease, cancers,
dementia, genetic damage in babies, increased risk of childhood asthma, autism,
reduced IQ when children start school and attention problems.
0.4
kilograms less PM2.5 a year worth $980, so not installing a new wood heater worth $82,000!!
New Australian
standards add $980 to a $40,000 diesel SUV, but save “more than $1.5 billion in public health
expenditure over the next 20 years” - see “Car
pollution crackdown will save lives but comes at a cost”.
The standard for diesel cars and SUV was
reduced from 0.025 grams PM2.5 per kilometre (required 2006/07 onwards) to 0.005
grams/km, avoiding 0.02 grams per km, i.e. 0.4 kilograms per year for a car
travelling 20,000 km annually. Avoiding
0.4 kg of PM2.5 per year is therefore worth at least $980 in reduced health
costs.
Woodsmoke is reported to be worse
than car exhausts. New wood-heaters
have real-life emissions of about 9.8 grams of PM2.5 per kg of firewood burnt[1]. So a wood-heater burning
Sydney's average of 3.43 tonnes[2] emits 33.6 kilograms of PM2.5
per year. With an 0.4 kg reduction in
annual PM2.5 emissions worth an additional $980 on the cost of a new diesel, not
emitting 33.6 kg of PM2.5 a year by not installing a new wood-heater burning an
average amount of firewood, is worth a whopping $82,354! Even if we could halve average emissions from a
new heater, the estimated health cost would still exceed $40,000.
Wood-heating Industry opposed
cleaner wood-heaters
The Senate Inquiry “Impacts on health of air
quality in Australia” concluded
that the failure to manage wood-heater pollution was “a failure of the technical committee to reach consensus within the
meaning of Standards Australia's
rules, which according to the minutes supplied to the committee was a result
of opposition from industry representatives." What a terrible tragedy to have the
health benefits of new vehicle standards undone by increased
wood-heater use.
Largest PM2.5 pollution source increasing due to regulatory failure
As shown in the NSW EPA graph
below (latest emissions inventory data – for the year 2008, published 2012),
wood-heaters cause the lion’s
share of Sydney’s
wintertime health-hazardous PM2.5 emissions. Other major sources, road transport, industry, and non-road
equipment are a much smaller fraction of the total.
NSW has 4.8 million vehicles, many of which
use Sydney’s
roads. Tackling car pollution, but
allowing just 70,700 households using wood as the main form of heating to
damage the health of 4.6 million Sydneysiders seems like a short-sighed,
inappropriate polity. Woodsmoke PM2.5 emissions increased from 4503 tonnes in 2003 (34% of PM2.5 emissions) to 5669 (more than half of Sydney’s PM2.5 emissions) in 2008. Emissions continue to increase – from 70,700 Sydney households burning wood in 2008 as the main heating to 83,000 in 2011 (ABS data).
Do people know that new wood-heaters emit more
PM2.5 pollution (the most health-hazardous air pollutant) than 1,000 petrol or
200 diesel cars, or are they deceived by slick advertising?
Woodsmoke
– the major source of pollution in mining towns!
Wood-heaters are
the major source of PM2.5 pollution in many locations. The mining town of Muswellbrook is close to
the Bayeswater and Liddell power stations (which generate enough
electricity for 3.25 million homes, slightly more than the total of 2.7 million
households in NSW). Despite this, a
small proportion of households using wood-heaters cause 62% of Muswellbrook’s wintertime
PM2.5 pollution[3]. The diagram below shows smoke from domestic wood heaters in yellow. Smoke from burn-offs and forest fires, shown in green, is the 4th
largest source of PM2.5 pollution, evident mainly from August to December.
PM2.5 pollution of 25 ug/m3 = everyone smoking
3 cigarettes per day = as damaging as current smoking rates
At a recent Senate Inquiry hearing into Air Pollution
Prof Higginbotham stated that breathing air at the standard of 25 ug/m3
was equivalent to actively smoking 3 cigarettes. One day in 2012, Armidale’s daily average PM2.5
from wood-smoke measured 65 ug/m3, as bad as forcing everyone – women,
children, elderly residents, asthmatics and even babies – to smoke 7 cigarettes
that day! With tests on mice and
bacteria showing woodsmoke causes 12 to 30 times as many tumours and mutations
as the same amount of cigarette smoke[4, 5], the health effects of
involuntarily breathing woodsmoke must be at least as serious as voluntary
active smoking.
Large expenditure ineffective when new heaters are allowed
Many rural towns have high woodsmoke
pollution. Armidale has about 20,000 residents. The local council stated in a submission to the Federal Government: “It is estimated that Council has committed more than
$300,000 (excluding wages) in the past 10 years on wood smoke abatement
measures.” Despite this, average winter (June, July and
August) PM2.5 pollution for 2008-2010 was 15% higher than
in 1999, and also substantially higher
than in the mining town of Muswellbrook. Efforts to reduce pollution by removing old
heaters were counter-acted by aggressive advertising from the wood heating
industry. New wood-heaters, installed in
new, insulated houses, are causing almost as much pollution as the old heaters
that were removed.
Health benefits of tackling
woodsmoke pollution
Tackling wood-heater pollution has
tremendous health benefits. Deaths from
respiratory diseases in winter fell by a whopping 28% and cardiovascular deaths
by 20%, after Launceston’s $2.05 million program reduced use of wood-burning
stoves from 66% to 30% of households[6].
Many woodsmoke pollution programs fail
because local people do not know that new wood-heaters are almost as polluting
as older models, or that the average brand-new wood-heater emits as many in PM2.5
in the first hour of operation as the
average modern passenger car in an entire year.
Tandem health and climate benefits
Prof Piers Forster, lead author of the
IPCC's AR4 chapter Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing (setting out the scientific evidence that atmospheric changes are causing global warming) stated that "Reducing emissions from diesel engines and domestic wood and coal fires is a no-brainer as there are tandem health and climate benefits."
Prof Drew Shindell, lead author of the Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing chapter of the IPCC's
Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis also chaired the UN Environment Program (UNEP) research that
recommended phasing out log-burning heaters in developed countries to reduce global warming.
A most significant threat to our planet is the warming
that will occur in the next 20 years, while we develop cost-effective
alternatives, such as wind, solar (with storage) and electric cars running off
solar electricity. All these are likely to provide cheaper,
cleaner alternatives within 20 years to digging fossil fuels out of the ground.
Warming over the next 20 years (called short or near-term warming) is critical. The UNEP report explains "
Near-term warming is pushing natural systems closer to thresholds that may lead to a further acceleration of climate change. For example, the melting of permafrost in the Arctic is releasing additional quantities of methane into the atmosphere, which in turn contribute to additional global warming".
The Copenhagen target of limiting warming to 2°C will not be met without tackling near-term warming. In the first 20 years after emission, every kg of methane emitted from a domestic log-burning heater causes 88 times as much global warming as 1 kg of CO2, so
because of the substantial quantities of methane they emit, log-burning heaters bring us n
earer to exceeding the Copenhagen target than electric or gas heating for up to 12 similar houses.
Earlier assessments (when the prospect of exceeding the 2°C target seemed a long way off), concentrated on warming over 100 years. This is no longer a sensible strategy. Even biomass power plants (that produce no methane) are now considered likely to increase short-term global warming
[27
]. Domestic log-burning heaters are a much greater threat to the climate because of their methane emissions than biomass power plants. Unfortunately, the peak wood heating industry body, who
lied
to the Senate Inquiry about their key role opposing new wood-heater standards, also lies to consumers by quoting inappropriate, out-of-date studies that ignore near-term warming
, and glosses over
the fact that much of
Australian firewood production is from unsustainable sources.
New standard must be based
on real-life operation
Although Armidale (and some other councils)
tried to tighten wood-heater emission limits, this had the paradoxical effect
of increasing pollution, because real-life emissions from new wood-heaters bear
little relationship to measurements from a perfectly-operated test model under
laboratory conditions. The photo shows
real-life emissions from a brand-new heater that meets Armidale’s stricter
limit of 2.5 g/kg (laboratory rating under perfect operation).
The NSWEPA’s consultancy report[1] estimates that a heater rated
2.5 g/kg has real-life emissions of 8.2 g/kg so, as reducing 0.4 kg of
PM2.5 is worth $980, not installing a new
wood heater rated 2.5 g/kg that burns 3.43 tonnes per year is worth $70,315!!!
Armidale’s “standard” for new wood heaters
is like encouraging “light” cigarettes instead of giving up smoking. It lulls residents into a false sense of
security, encouraging them to spend good money on a totally unsatisfactory
product with similar real-life emissions to the heaters that Council is paying a
subsidy to remove.
With no safe level of PM2.5 pollution, and the
availability of cost-effective alternative such as reverse cycle
airconditioners that (even when outside temperatures are as low as 7°C) can deliver
5.9 times as much heat to the living areas as they use in power, the best
option is not to install any new wood-heaters until clean ones have been
developed that meet a satisfactory health-based standard.
The Australian Lung Foundation recommends using
alternative methods (to wood-heaters) for climate control[7] The American Lung Association notes some of
the dangerous chemicals in woodsmoke (dioxin,
arsenic and formaldehyde”) and
"strongly recommends using cleaner, less toxic sources of heat
(than wood heating)”[8].
Brian Moench, president of Utah Physicians for a
Healthy Environment wrote:
‘If you are not a smoker, burning wood is probably the greatest threat to your health as anything that you do. But it is also a threat to your neighbors' health, as inappropriate as blowing cigarette smoke in the face of the passenger in the seat next to you. More than likely your neighbors are less than enthusiastic about sacrificing their health for your freedom to burn wood. A civilized society would suggest they shouldn't have to"[9].
Conclusions
1) Australian Governments should recognise
wood-heaters as a major source of urban air pollution and not allow the health
benefits of reducing vehicle pollution to be counteracted by increased
wood-heater pollution.
2) A National system should be implemented to
measure PM2.5 in all locations that exceed the NEPM advisory PM2.5 standard,
making the data publicly available on the web.
3) A new wood-heater standard (e.g. real-life emissions of 0.1 grams PM2.5 per kg firewood) should be
developed immediately to ensure that health costs do not exceed the benefits of
using wood heaters.
4) No new wood-heaters should be installed
unless they meet the new standard.
5) Existing heaters that do not meet the
standard to be gradually phased out, with all polluting heaters to be removed
before houses are sold.
6) Funds needed for the transition to
cleaner heating to be raised by a ‘polluter-pays’ levy on wood heaters equal to
a proportion of their estimated health costs (e.g. 10% of the estimated health
costs in year 1, increasing to 100% over 10 years). Similar policies are being considered
elsewhere, e.g. a “polluter-pays”
annual tax of 1500 DKK in Denmark.
7) Funding should also be provided to
replace heaters that detrimentally impact the health or lifestyle of neighbours,
in conjunction with stricter legal standards requiring polluters (and anyone
who misleads consumers about the amount of pollution from wood heaters) to pay
compensation for health damage from woodsmoke pollution.
References
and Further Information
PM2.5 the worst air pollutant causing many more premature
deaths as the next worst pollutant (O3)
There is no safe level of PM2.5 pollution. In Europe, PM2.5 pollution is associated with more than 492,000 premature deaths, equivalent to a loss of almost 4.9 million years of life (YOLL)."[
10] In contrast, ozone (O3) pollution in Europe is estimated to cause 21,000 premature deaths[
11].
Emissions reduction from London’s Low Emission Zone (0.17 ug/m3) much less than exposure from wood burning (1.1 ug/m3)[28] Although the reduction of 0.17 ug/m3 PM2.5 is welcome, tackling the
annual average of 1.1 ug/m3 PM2.5 from woodsmoke pollution could achieve 6.5
times the benefits most likely for a fraction of the cost.
Not meeting PM2.5 standard
as damaging to health as current active smoking
Currently, about 17% of Australians
aged 16 or over (13.6% of all Australians) smoke daily. Exposing everyone to a daily
average of 25 ug/m3 was noted to be as bad as the entire population (including
babies and elderly folk at risk of strokes or heart disease) smoking 3
cigarettes a day. If everyone is forced to smoke 3 cigarettes, as many PM2.5 are inhaled as when a sixth of the population
(16.7%) chooses to smoke 18 cigarettes per day. This is substantially worse than the actual smoking rate (13.6% of the
population). The table below of PM2.5 measurements in Armidale shows that a third of households using wood heating creates a major health
problem for the entire community.
PM2.5
Air pollution Measurements, Armidale, NSW, reproduced from the Armidale Dumaresq Council submission to the Senate Inquiry ‘Impacts
on health of air quality in Australia’. Council’s submission reports that about a third of households use wood heating.
CBD measurements in winter months (June, July, August) averaged 15 to 16 ug/m3. Corresponding measurements in 1999 were 13.9 at in the CBD and 31.8 in the East Armidale residential area.
Current PM2.5
pollution - more health damage than passive smoking
Research shows that current air
pollution levels have a large and significant impact on health, even when air quality standards are met. For example, a Canadian study with median pollution levels of
7.3 ug/m3 found that an increase of just 3 ug/m3 in PM2.5
was associated with a 9% increase in deaths from ischemic heart disease and
3-4.5% increases in all deaths.[12]
The Quebec Lung Association reports that wood heating is responsible for
61% of Quebec’s fine particle emissions[13]
Passive
smoking (e.g. living with a smoker) produces similar increases in lung cancer
(21-22%) and cardiovascular disease (CVD, 16-26%) to the increases (14-21%) in
lung cancer and CVD (12-28%) from a 10 mg/m3
increase in PM2.5 pollution[14]. Consequently, with only 15.9% of Australian adults smoking daily
and a further 1.6% smoking weekly[15], but the entire population exposed to
PM2.5 pollution from 5 to more than 8 mg/m3, the impact of air
pollution on health is substantially greater than the effect of passive
smoking.
WHO: New additional health concerns
The World Health Organisation (WHO)
review of air pollution and health[16] notes some new concerns in addition the well-known increases in
heart and lung disease:
“5. Additional
studies linking long-term exposure to PM2.5 to several new health outcomes
including atherosclerosis, adverse birth outcomes and childhood respiratory
disease;”
Cognitive impairment, autism & genetic damage in babies
The WHO’s review[16] also notes: “6. Emerging evidence also suggests possible links between
long-term PM2.5 exposure and neurodevelopment and cognitive function as well as
other chronic disease.”
…and expresses concern about polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
exposure: “As
PAHs are carcinogenic by a genotoxic mode of action, their levels in air should
be kept as low as possible.”
The
evidence for cognitive impairment and genetic damage is quite strong. Several
studies have linked PM2.5, PAH, or woodsmoke exposure to hastened cognitive
decline in adults – increased exposure of 10 mg/m3 PM2.5 being equivalent to 2 additional years[17] or 3 additional years[18] of ageing. The
Harvard University Nurses Health Study found a 39% increase in autism
spectrum disorder of babies born to US mothers for an increase of 4.1 ug/m3 of
PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy. The
increased risk for exposure during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy
was 60%. With wintertime (June, July,
August) PM2.5 measurements averaging 31.8 ug/m3 in one Armidale residential area, a 60% increase in risk per 4.13 ug/m3 of exposure during the 3rd
trimester would imply a 4.6-fold increase in risk for babies born at the end of
winter.
In developing countries, children whose
mothers cook with wood (as opposed to kerosene) stoves have reduced IQ, poorer memory and worse social skills, e.g. in Belize, Kenya, Nepal and American
Samoa[19], and also in Guatemala[20].
In
developed countries, genetic damage in babies, behavioural problems, childhood
asthma and a 5 point reduction in IQ on starting school have all been linked to
exposure of pregnant women to airborne PAH[21-23]. Of particular interest is the relatively low
exposures required to cause the significant problems noted above – ambient
benzo[a]pyrene was less than 0.5 ng/m3 and high exposure was defined
as exposure greater than the median of 2.27 ng/m3 (sum of 8 PAH
concentrations). These concentrations
seem extremely low compared to average wintertime BaP concentrations of 1.30 ng/m3
and PAH concentrations of 8.62 (max 24.0 ng/m3 for a slightly wider
set of PAH), in the small country town of Armidale,
NSW.
Other estimates of the health costs of wood-heaters
The NSW-EPA's Woodsmoke Control Options Report
estimated that, over a 20-year period, the health costs of woodsmoke amount to
more than $8 billion in NSW – an almost unbelievable $22,000 for every wood-heater.
Three simple measures (not allowing new wood-heaters to be installed, removing
existing wood-heaters when houses are sold and licensing fees) were estimated
to reduce this by about 75%. Estimated
costs and health benefits of other woodsmoke control options are shown in the
table below.
Table. Estimated health benefits and costs of woodsmoke control options
in NSW
|
|
|
Health Benefit
$million
|
Cost $million
|
Net Benefit $million
|
4)
Phase out at sale of house
|
$4,015
|
-$36
|
$3,978
|
2) Ban
on heater sales
|
$2,206
|
-$134
|
$2,071
|
7)
Licensing fees
|
|
$1,267
|
$11
|
$1,278
|
6)
Sales tax on new wood heaters
|
$1,049
|
-$1
|
$1,048
|
9)
Cash incentive phase out
|
$879
|
-$12
|
$867
|
8)
Levying an excise/tax on biomass fuels
|
$419
|
$36
|
$455
|
5)
Fuel moisture content regulations
|
$399
|
-$33
|
$366
|
3)
Emission standards (3g/kg, 60% efficiency)
|
$301
|
-$3
|
$298
|
Source: Tables 26 and 28, AECOM Office of Environment
& Heritage: Economic
Appraisal of Wood Smoke Control Measures - Final Report, 29 June 2011
Improving wood-heater standards would
represent 1% of the cost of meeting National air quality targets in Sydney, while achieving
representing 66% of the benefits. Senate Inquiry report http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Completed_inquiries/2010-13/airquality/report/output/index).
Para 6.13 notes that improving wood-heater
standards would represent 1% of the cost of meeting National air quality
targets in Sydney, while achieving representing 66% of the benefits. Para 6.35
blames wood heating industry reps for the failure of attempts to strengthen
national wood-heater standards.
Aggressive
marketing by the wood heating industry fools people into thinking that new wood
heaters are clean and environmentally friendly - http://woodsmoke.3sc.net/ahha-tactics
The number of households using wood as
the main form of heating in Sydney
increased from 70,700 in 2008 to 83,300 in 2011.
Petrol cars are even cleaner than
diesels
The graph below (from the
second
national in-service emissions study (NISE2)[24]) shows in-service PM2.5
emissions for petrol vehicles The 2006-07 average PM2.5 emissions of 1 mg/km
implies that a vehicle travelling 20,000 km will emit just 20 grams of PM2.5,
less than the average domestic wood heater
in the first hour after lighting.
The abbreviations in the key: PV-S, PV-M and
PV-L denote small, medium, large passenger vehicles; SUV-C and SUV-L denote compact
and large SUV; LVC denotes light commercial vehicles.
Additional information on real-life
emissions for new wood-heaters
Governments currently spend considerable time and money trying to educate
residents how to operate wood heaters correctly, and dealing with complaints
from neighbours, because the current wood heater test does not reflect
real-life emissions, and does not include the generally high level of emissions
when lighting the heater.
Launceston used part of its $2 million woodsmoke funding to teach people
how to operate their heaters. CSIRO
measured emissions from volunteers who knew their emissions were being measured
and were so keen to operate their heaters correctly that many were re-fuelled
in the middle of the night, instead of being left to smoulder. Despite this, emissions of Australian
standard compliant heaters averaged 9.4 g/kg[25], so a heater burning
Launceston’s average of 4 to 6 tonnes would emit 38 to 56 kg of PM2.5 per year,
as much as 1900 to 2,800 new petrol-fuelled passenger cars.
Refusing to buy existing excessively polluting wood-heaters would force
industry to clean up their act. New efficient air-conditioners and heat pumps
deliver up to 10 times as much heat as they use in electricity; cleaner heating
is healthier and more affordable than buying firewood, and causes less global
warming.
Which matters more: business interests or public health? Reflections on the Hearth, Patio and Barbecue Association’s hiring of a public relations firm that helped them defeat a 2015 wood burning ban Cathy Baiton 08/03/2017
1. NSW OEH, Economic
Appraisal of Wood Smoke Control Measures, 2011, AECOM Australia Pty Ltd.
Prepared for the Office of Environment and Heritage. Available at:http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/woodsmoke/smokecontrolopts.htm.
2. NEPCSC, National Environment Protection Council Service Corporation, Consultation
regulation impact statement (CRIS) for reducing emissions from wood
heaters. , in Available at http://www.scew.gov.au/strategic-priorities/clean-air-plan/woodheaters/index.html2013.
3. Hibberd, M., et al., Upper Hunter Valley Particle
Characterization Study., 2013, CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric
Research. Final report available at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/aqms/uhaqmnfpcs.htm.
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Tasmania research. Reduction in air
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7. ALF. Woodsmoke and your Health: The Burning Issues. 2012.
8. ALA. American Lung Association Cautions Against Wood-burning and Urges
Cleaner Alternatives for Winter Heat. 2008.
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Mortality in Relation to Long-term Exposure to Low Concentrations of Fine
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filtres improve health. http://www.scientistlive.com/European-Science-News/Medical/HEPA_filtres_improve_health/19772/.
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